Sultan Hamid II
His wife was a young Dutch woman who bore him two children â€" both reside in the Netherlands. During the Indonesian National Revolution, he was sympathetic to the returning Dutch and their attempts to implement a federal Republic of the United States of Indonesia, viewing the unitary Republic of Indonesia as an extension of Javanese domination. He was also a colonel in the Royal Dutch East Indies Army and designed the Indonesian national emblemâ€"Garuda Pancasila.
Until the age of 12, Hamid was raised by Scottish foster-mother Salome Catherine Fox and fellow British expatriate Edith Maud Curteis. Salome Fox was the sister of the head of a British trading firm based in Singapore. Under their tutelage, Hamid became fluent in the English language. In 1933, Miss Fox died but he still remained in touch with her companion Curteis.
Syarif was educated at several Europeesche Lagene Schools in Sukabumi, Pontianak, Yogyakarta and Bandung. He studied for one year at a Hogere Burger School (Senior High School) in Bandung but didn't graduate from THS Bandung. Syarif completed his studies at the Koninklijke Militaire Academie in Breda, Holland; graduating with the rank of lieutenant in the Royal Dutch East Indies Army.
Following the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in 10 March 1942, he was interned by the Japanese for three years in a Javanese prison camp due to close ties with the Dutch. Hamid’s resentment towards the Japanese occupiers was affected by the murders of 28 relatives and his mentor Miss Curteis. Following the Japanese surrender and defeat on 15 August 1945, Hamid was liberated by the returning Allied Powers that landed in Indonesia. He was subsequently promoted to the rank of colonel by the returning Dutch.
Sultan Hamid II quickly ascended to the position of Adjudant in Buitengewone Dienst bij HM de Koningin der Nederlanden, which is the highest position as assistant to the Dutch Queen. As a colonel, he was the 1st Indonesian to acquire a significant military position in the colonial army. Due to international opposition to Dutch attempts to reinstate control over Indonesia in the United Nations, the Dutch were forced to recognize Sukarno’s Republic as the de facto government of Java and Sumatra and to grant independence to a Republic of the United States of Indonesia on 27 December 1949.
On December 17, 1949, Hamid II was appointed by Sukarno to the RUSI Cabinet but held no portfolio. This Cabinet was headed by Prime Minister Mohammad Hatta and included 11 Republicans and five Federalists. This federal government was short-lived due to conflicting differences between the Republicans and the Federalists as well as growing popular support for a unitary state.
Hamid II would subsequently conspire with the former KNIL Captain Raymond Westerling to organize an anti-Republican coup in Bandung and Jakarta. Westerling’s Angkatan Perang Ratu Adil comprised elements of the KNIL, the Regiment Special Forces, the Royal Netherlands Army and several Dutch nationals including two police inspectors. On 23 January 1950, APRA overwhelmed the small RUSI garrison and occupied parts of Bandung until they were driven away by reinforcements under Major General Engels.
On 26 January 1950, elements of Westerling’s forces infiltrated Jakarta as part of a coup d’xtat to overthrow the RUSI Cabinet. They also planned to assassinate several prominent Republican figures including the Defense Minister Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX and Secretary-General Ali Budiardjo. However, they were intercepted and forced to flee by Indonesian military forces. Meanwhile, Westerling was forced to flee to Singapore and APRA had ceased to function by February 1950.
Evidence from arrested co-conspirators led to the incarceration of Hamid II on April 5. By April 19, Hamid II had confessed to his involvement in the botched Jakarta coup and to planning an abortive 2nd attack on Parliament scheduled for February 15. Due to the presence of RUSI troops, the attack was aborted. The role of the Pasundan government in the coup led to its dissolution by February 10, further undermining the federal structure. By late March 1950, Hamid’s West Kalimantan was one of the four remaining federal states in the United States of Indonesia.
Hamid’s role in the coup led to increased agitation in West Kalimantan for its integration into the Republic of Indonesia. Following a fact-finding mission by the Government Commission, the RUSI House of Representatives voted overwhelmingly by a margin of 50 to one votes to merge West Kalimantan into the Republic of Indonesia. Following clashes with demobilized KNIL troops in Makassar and the attempted secession of an Ambonese Republic of South Moluccas, the federal United States of Indonesia was dissolved on 17 August 1950, turning Indonesia into a unitary state dominated by the central government in Jakarta.
Related Sites for Sultan Hamid II
- TheFreeDictionary.com - sultan - definition of sultan by the Free ... read Sultan Hamid II
- Sultan | Define Sultan at Dictionary.com read Sultan Hamid II
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