Citibank

Citibank

Citibank is the consumer banking division of financial services multinational Citigroup. Citibank was founded in 1812 as the City Bank of New York, later First National City Bank of New York. As of March 2010, Citigroup is the 3rd largest bank holding company in the United States by total assets, after Bank of America and JPMorgan Chase.
Citibank has retail banking operations in more than 160 countries and territories around the world. More than half of its 1,400 offices are in the United States, mostly in New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay Area, Washington, D.C. and Miami. More recently, Citibank has expanded its operations in the Boston, Philadelphia, Houston, and Dallas metropolitan areas.
In addition to standard banking transactions, Citibank markets insurance, credit cards and investment products. Their online services division is among the most successful in the field claiming about 15 million users.
The City Bank of New York was founded on June 16, 1812. The 1st president of the City Bank was the statesman and retired Colonel, Samuel Osgood, ownership and management of the bank was taken over by Moses Taylor, a protxgx of John Jacob Astor and one of the giants of the business world in the 19th century. During Taylor's ascendancy, the bank functioned largely as a treasury and finance center for Taylor's own extensive business empire.
In 1863, the bank joined the U.S.'s new national banking system and became The National City Bank of New York. By 1868, it was considered one of the largest banks in the United States, and in 1897, it became the 1st major U.S. bank to establish a foreign department.
On December 24, 1927, its headquarters in Buenos Aires, Argentina, were blown up by the Italian anarchist Severino Di Giovanni, in the frame of the international campaign supporting Sacco and Vanzetti.
In 1952, James Stillman Rockefeller was elected president and then chairman in 1959, serving until 1967. Stillman was a direct descendant of the Rockefeller family through the William Rockefeller branch. In 1960, his 2nd cousin, David Rockefeller, became president of Chase Manhattan Bank, National City's long-time New York rival for dominance in the banking industry in the United States.
Following its merger with the First National Bank in 1955, the bank changed its name to The First National City Bank of New York, then shortened it to First National City Bank in 1962.
The company organically entered the leasing and credit card sectors, and its introduction of US dollar denominated certificates of deposit in London marked the 1st new negotiable instrument in the market since 1888. Later to become part of MasterCard, the bank introduced its First National City Charge Service credit card â€" popularly known as the "Everything Card" â€" in 1967.
In 1976, under the leadership of CEO Walter B. Wriston, First National City Bank was renamed Citibank, N.A. (and Citicorp, respectively). By that time, the bank had created its own "one-bank holding company" and had become a wholly owned subsidiary of that company, Citicorp (all shareholders of the bank had become shareholders of the new corporation, which became the bank's sole owner).
The name change also helped to avoid confusion in Ohio with Cleveland-based National City Bank, though the two would never have any significant overlapping areas except for Citi credit cards being issued in the latter National City territory. Any possible name confusion had Citi not changed its name from National City eventually became completely moot when PNC Financial Services acquired the National City of Ohio in 2008 as a result of the subprime mortgage crisis.
Shortly afterward, the bank launched the Citicard, which allowed customers to perform all transactions without a passbook. Branches also had terminals with simple one-line displays that allowed customers to get basic account information without a bank teller. When automatic teller machines were later introduced, customers could use their existing Citicard.
In the 1960s the bank entered into the credit card business. In 1965, First National City Bank bought Carte Blanche from Hilton Hotels. Three years later, the bank sold this division. By 1968, the company created its own credit card. The card, known as "The Everything Card", was promoted as a kind of East Coast version of the BankAmericard. By 1969, First National City Bank decided that the Everything Card was too costly to promote as an independent brand and joined Master Charge (now MasterCard). Citibank unsuccessfully tried again in 1977â€"1987 to create a separate credit card brand, the Choice Card.
As the bank's expansion continued, the Narre Warren-Caroline Springs credit card company was purchased in 1981. In 1981, Citibank chartered a South Dakota subsidiary to take advantage of new laws that raised the state's maximum permissible interest rate on loans to 25 percent. In many other states, usury laws prevented banks from charging interest that aligned with the extremely high costs of lending money in the late 1970s and early 1980s, making consumer lending unprofitable. Currently, there is no maximum interest rate or usury restriction under South Dakota law when a written agreement is formed...
Citibank was one of the 1st U.S. banks to introduce automatic teller machines in the 1970s, in order to give 24-hour access to accounts. Customers could use their existing Citicard in this machine to withdraw cash and make deposits, and were already accustomed to using a machine with a card to get information that previously required a teller.
In April 2006, Citibank struck a deal with 7-Eleven to put its automated teller machine in more than 6,700 convenience stores in the United States. In the same month, it also announced it would sell all of its Buffalo and Rochester, New York, branches and accounts to M&T Bank.
Citibank's major presence in California is fairly recent. The bank had only a handful of branches in that state before acquiring the assets of California Federal Bank in 2002 with Citicorp's purchase of Golden State Bancorp which had earlier merged with First Nationwide Mortgage Corp.
In 2008, Citibank was crowned Deal of the Year â€" Securitisation Deal of the Year at the 2008 ALB Japan Law Awards.
It was announced on November 13, 2006, that Citibank would be the corporate sponsor of the new stadium for the New York Mets. The stadium, Citi Field, opened in 2009.

On April 11, 2007, the cuts and relocations.

parent Citi announced staff -

On November 4, 2007, Charles Prince quit as the chairman and chief executive of Citigroup, following crisis meetings with the board in New York in the wake of billions of dollars in losses related to subprime lending.
Former United States Secretary of the Treasury Robert Rubin has been asked to replace ex-CEO Charles Prince to manage the losses Citi has amassed over the years of being over-exposed to subprime lending during the 2002â€"2007 surge in the real estate industry.

In January 2008 in Puerto Rico to Popular,

Citibank has been Sold is Branchs Inc.

On January 16, 2009, Citigroup announced that it was splitting into two businesses. Citicorp will continue with the traditional banking business while Citi Holdings Inc. operates non-core businesses such as brokerage, asset management, and local consumer finance as well as managing a set of higher-risk assets. The split was presented as allowing Citibank to concentrate on its core banking business.

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Ambarawa Railway Museum : a military city during the Dutch Colonial Government

Ambarawa Railway Museum

Ambarawa was a significant military city during the Dutch colonial government due to its strategic location. King Willem I recognized the importance of the city as a transportation hub and ordered the construction of a new railway station in Ambarawa to enable the government to transport its troops to Semarang.

On May 21, 1873, the Ambarawa railway station was built on a vast 127,500 square meters of land. The railway station, which was known back then as Willem I Station, was one of the largest and most important railway stations in the region during the colonial period. It was a vital transportation hub, connecting various parts of Java and facilitating the transportation of goods and troops across the island.

Today, Ambarawa is renowned for its heritage railway, which operates between Ambarawa and Bedono, using steam locomotives. The railway is a popular attraction among tourists and train enthusiasts, providing a glimpse into the past and the rich history of Java's railway system. Additionally, a tourist railway operates between Ambarawa and Tuntang, providing visitors with a unique and unforgettable experience.

The city also boasts a fascinating museum that showcases the history of the railway system in Java. The museum has collected an impressive collection of 21 steam locomotives, four of which are operational, providing visitors with the opportunity to see these historic locomotives up close. In addition to the locomotives, the museum also features a range of other interesting artifacts, including old telephones, Morse telegraph equipment, old bells and signals equipment, and some antique furniture. The museum is a popular destination for train enthusiasts and anyone interested in the history of transportation in Java.

The Ambarawa railway museum boasts an impressive collection of steam locomotives and other railway artifacts, including some that are over a century old. Among the most notable locomotives are the 2 B25 class 0-4-2RT B2502 and B2503, which were part of the original fleet of five that were supplied to the line around 100 years ago. These historic locomotives are carefully preserved and maintained by the museum, and visitors can even take a ride on them along the Ambarawa-Bedono heritage railway line.

Another noteworthy locomotive in the collection is the E10 class 0-10-0RT E1060, which was originally delivered to West Sumatra in the 1960s to work on the coal railway. The locomotive was later brought to Java, before being returned to Sawahlunto. The museum also has a conventional locomotive 2-6-0T C1218, which was restored to working order in 2006, but has since been transferred to Solo to work as a tourist train, named Sepur Kluthuk Jaladara.

In addition to these steam locomotives, the museum also has a small diesel shunter D300 class 0-8-0D D300 23, which was previously based at Cepu, an old UH-295 crane from Semarang, and the newly restored B51 class 4-4-0 B5112, which was specially restored for use on the Ambarawa-Tuntang tourist railway line. Visitors to the museum can also view a fascinating collection of old telephones, Morse telegraph equipment, old bells and signals equipment, and some antique furniture, providing a glimpse into the rich history of the railways in Indonesia.

What was the ambarawa called during the dutch colonial government ?

Ambarawa was known as Willem I during the Dutch colonial government. It was named after King William I of the Netherlands, who was the reigning monarch at the time of the establishment of the town in the early 19th century. The name Willem I was used by the Dutch East Indies government until Indonesia's independence in 1945, after which the town reverted to its original name, Ambarawa.

Gondangdia Station

Gondangdia Station

Gondangdia Station is a mainline railway station in Gondangdia, Menteng, Central Jakarta, Indonesia.
This is the list of the train which stops on Gondangdia Station.

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Simalungun people : an ethnic group in North Sumatra

Simalungun people

The Simalungun people are an ethnic group in North Sumatra, considered one of the Batak peoples. Simalungun people live mostly in Simalungun Regency and the surrounding areas, including the city of Pematang Siantar, an autonomous city, but previously part of Simalungun Regency.
The Simalungun live in the 'Eastern Batak' lands, bordering the lands of the Batak Toba to the south and west, and the Batak Karo to the north. The Simalungun are considered to have more in common with their Karo than Toba neighbours, both groups having migrated from Toba and Pakpak in order to participate in trade.

The Simalungun Simalungun people, in addition to

language is spoken by many Indonesian.

Far before Dutch colonialism established in East Sumatera, the peoples called Batak Timoer who said as like as their country from. Like Sin Raya, Sin Silou ( Silou's peoples) Sin Bandar (Bandar's peoples), etc. Since The Dutch colonialism establish in Malay, Deli. By "De Vide et impera" Dutch political colonialism, Batak Timoer people who ruled by raja (kings), considered to be living gods. One by one their kingdom established to Dutch. Then Dutch colonials gave a name to their colony areas, Simeloengoen, still now.
The Simalungun people were ruled by raja, considered to be living gods. G.L. Tichelman (1893â€"1962), a Dutch researcher described Simalungun villages as consisting of houses built parallel to rivers, of wooden poles and palm leaves. Houses could accommodate a single family (rumah parsatanggaan), or up to as many as twelve,(rumah parrumahopattanggaan) with a designated area for each family within. The head of the village lived in the 'Rumah Bolon', the village's largest, most ornate house. The Head of Village are established and loyal to The King. The main village of Kingdoms called 'Pamatang.' Villagers drove out spirits from the village by holding 'Robu Tabu', days on which the village would be decorated and outsiders excluded from the village.
Villages would bathe in a communal 'tapian', with water piped through bamboo tubes for bathing. The Simalungun also used bamboo tubes for carrying water back to the village. Religious ceremonies would often be held near the Tapian. 'Parsihili' were statues used to take an illness away from a person, while 'Pasiarhon' were statues used for communing with the dead. Although villagers would support victims of house fires, it was considered unlucky to offer them shelter for fear of further fires, and instead a new house would be constructed communally as soon as possible.
It was considered inappropriate to bargain with family members, so an intermediary would be used when purchasing items from family. Courtship was arranged in the marketplace using betel nut. Girls wishing to avoid attention would give the nut to an old man, who would look after her during market day, or would wear a Hiou, to suggest unavailability.
The pounding of rice was an important activity, and the communal 'Losung', or riceblock was used for this activity, with a hole allocated for each family to use. A new losung would be cut from a tree trunk, and on an auspicious day decorated with flowers and transported into the village accompanied by music. A boy and girl dressed in ceremonial clothes would invest the new riceblock by throwing rice over it, and the villagers would sing songs.
The birth of a child was an auspicious occasion, and the dukun was appointed to drive off spirits, and to cut the umbilical cord with a bamboo knife. The newborn baby would be swaddled and daubed with rice chewed by the dukun prior to the mother commencing breastfeeding. The placenta would be buried under the house and for seven nights a fire would be maintained to drive off spirits.
On the 7th day the child would be brought to the tapian. If the date of birth was an auspicious one, this would be done using by the mother a new Hiou, a Ragi Idup or Ragi Panei, but if the date was a bad one, the baby would be carefully brought by all the women of the village, who would set out to deceive the evil spirits in order to protect the baby. When the child was named, it would be given a black, white and red bracelete for protective purposes.

A well-preserved be seen at Pematang Purba.

traditional Simalungun village can -

The concept of a cohesive Simalungun people is derived in part from Dutch colonialism. In 1870 the Dutch established the Residency of East Sumatra, centred on Medan in the Kingdom of Deli. In 1904 the Netherlands East Indies government signed surrender agreements with the seven kingdoms of the 'Simeloengoenlanden', in order to form the administrative of unit Simeloengoen en Karolanden. These seven Simalungun kingdoms were the kingdoms of Siantar, Tanoh Jawa, Panei, Dolok Silou, Raya, Purba and Silimahuta. It has been suggested that Tanoh Jawa had more in common with early pagan Asahan than it did with the other Simalungun kingdoms.
The colonial seat was established in 1908 at Pamatang Siantar. The Dutch colonial system encouraged migration, of Javanese. Tobanese labourers working on Dutch plantations, both peoples bringing new influences to the area that caused the origin people of Simalungun intimidated and margined. After World War II, finally in 1946, were happened a Social revolution tragedy ar East Sumatera. Peoples want to changes monarchy system at Deli, Karo and Simalaugun, and united for one state with Java governments, Republic Of Indonesia that was proclaimed on August, 1945. Many kidnapped and killed, actually from Kingdom's family. So that, the monarchy system disappear from East Sumatra still now.
Simalungun people belong to one of four marga. Each marga has sub-marga, although individuals may choose to identify primarily by their marga, rather than submarga, in order to emphasise common kinship.
The 1st translation of The Bible into an indigenous Indonesian language was by Wismar Djaulung Saragih Sumbayak, who had been baptised by Theis in 1910. Wismar also authored the 1st Simalungun dictionary, and successfully campaigned for teaching in schools to be conducted in Simalungun rather than Toba. He also pushed for the use of traditional Simalungun clothes and music in the church. His efforts eventually led to the formation of the distinct Simalungun Protestant Christian Church.

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Mundinglaya Dikusumah, folklore among Sundanese people, Indonesia

Mundinglaya Dikusumah

Mundinglaya Dikusumah is a folklore among Sundanese people, Indonesia. The folklore tells about a life of prince in the era of Sunda kingdom when Great King Silihwangi reigning in the kingdom. The Sunda Kingdom itself is often called by Sundanese as Pajajaran (the capital city of the kingdom) after Cirebon and Banten separated from it.
This folklore originates from a Sundanese oral tradition called pantun story, which then transferred into books written by some Sundanese writers, both in Sundanese and Indonesian.
King Silihwangi from Galuh got married with Nyimas Tejamantri from whom he got a son, Prince Guru Gantangan. When Prince Guru Gantangan was teenager, the King got married to Nyimas Padmawati, a princess from Sunda Kingdom. King Silihwangi then became the king of Sunda Kingdom or Pajajaran. Prince Guru Gantangan was then assigned as a regent in Kutabarang. From Queen Nyimas Padmawati, king Silihwangi has a son called Prince Mundinglaya.
Because Prince Guru Gantangan had no any children except an adopted son called Prince Sunten Jaya, he asked Padmawati to look after Prince Mundinglaya. Prince Guru Gantangan also took care of Sunten Jaya. However, Prince Gurugantangan loved his half brother more than his own son, a strange attitude which might have been caused by the difference in character of both princes.
Prince Mundinglaya was an elegant, good looking as sweet where his nephew was proud and spoiled. It came not as a surprise when Prince Guru Gantangan’s wife take care him carefully. As a consequency, Prince Sunten Jaya became jealous of Prince Mundinglaya. So was the case with Prince Guru Gantangan. Prince Guru Gantangan put Prince Mundinglaya in prison with a reason that Prince Mundinglaya liked teasing a girl at court.
This decision made the people and the nobility in Pajajaran took sides and the discord thetened the kingdom to lapse into a quarrel among brothers.
At this critical moment something strange happened. One night Queen Nyimas Padmawati, Prince Mundinglaya’s mother had a strange dream. She was in her sleep seven “guriangs”, creatures who usually lived in high mountains. They brought with them an amulet, called Layang Salaka Domas. The Queen heard the one who was holding the amulet in his hand, saying to the others: “There will be peace in Pajajaran only if a knight dares to featch it from Jabaning Langit.
No one responded. Not even Prince Sunten Jaya raised his voice. He was afraid of facing Jonggrang Kalapitung, a dangerous, forbidding giant who watched over the road. After a moment of silence it was Lengser, the Prime Minister, who raised his voice: “Your Majesty,” he said, “everybody has heard your speaking, but there is still one man who has not. He is in prison. You have not asked him. He is Prince Mundinglaya.” Hearing this the king ordered Prince Mundinglaya to be brought into his presence. Lengser then asked permission of Prince Guru Gantangan to release Prince Mundinglaya.
When Prince Mundinglaya came into presence, the king spoke: “Mundinglaya, would you like to go to fetch the amulet, needed to prevent the country from falling into a catasthrope?” Since Layang Salaka Domas is important for the security of Pajajaran, I am willing to go, Father,” said Prince Mundinglaya.
The king was satisfied with this answer, the people and the nobility were delivered. To prince Mundinglaya this task also meant freedom if he succeeded, while to Prince Sunten Jaya it meant a way of getting rid of his enemy, as he was sure that his uncle would be killed by Jonggrang Kalapitung.
Several weeks, Prince Mundinglaya was taught martial arts and how to use weaponry as a preparation to combat obstacles hindering his way to Jabaning Langit.
Then Prince Mundinglaya left. As he had never gone to Jabaning Langit, he didn't know the way. Leaving it to the guidance of God, he walked through thick forest to find Jabaning Langit and meet guriangs.
In his way, he passed Muaraberes Kingdom. There he met Dewi Kania or Dewi Kinawati, a Muaraberes’ princess, and felt in love with her. Prince Mundinglaya promised to meet her again after he has finished his duty to have Layang Salaka Domas.
Prince Mundinglaya continued his way. Suddenly he was awakened by the presence of the Jonggrang Kalapitung who was standing in front of him.
Just try me!” the Prince answered calmly. Jonggrang Kalapitung immediately fell upon him but the Prince evaded him.
In your own heart.” Then the Prince let the giant loose, saying: “I let you free, but don't trouble the people from Pajajaran any longer.” At this the giant thanked and left the Pajajaran wood forever.
When he was gone, Prince Mundinglaya found out a place for meditation, prayed very long, asking God for advice. One day, he felt as if he were dreaming. He was lifted from his place and flown to a place which was shining brightly.
There he was received by seven “guriangs,” super natural creatures one of whom was holding Layang Salaka Domas.
In that case, you should take it from us by force.” A fight followed. As the “guriangs” were to strong, Prince Mundinglaya fell down, dead. Immediately another magical creature, Nyi Pohaci appeared at the place where the “guriangs” were standing around Prince Mundinglaya’s lifeless body. She made him alive again and soon he was ready to fight the guriangs.
It is no longer necessary, since you have shown your real character,” one of them said, “honest, unselfish. You have the right to keep the Layang Salaka Domas.” And he handed it to him. Prince Mundinglaya was very glad and thanked them. He also thanked Nyi Pohaci for her help. Then he left for Pajajaran escorted by the seven “guriangs” who then called themselves as one group: Gumarang tunggal.
In Pajajaran, Prince Sunten Jaya teased Prince Mundinglaya’s mother. To the king he said that Queen Nyimas Padmawati didn't really dream, that she had lied to free her son from prison. Therefore he urged his grandfather to condemn the unlucky queen to death.

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